(+)-Thalidomide (R)-(+)-thalidomide BDBM65362 (R)-Thalidomide D-Thalidomide
(-)-Thalidomide (S)-Thalidomide BDBM65457
(+/-)-thalidomide 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione BDBM50070114 2-(2,6-Dioxo-piperidin-3-yl)-isoindole-1,3-dione CHEMBL468 K-17 THALIDOMIDE Thalomid [(R,S)-2-(2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione US11059801, Compound D-62
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- Structural rationalization of GSPT1 and IKZF1 degradation by thalidomide molecular glue derivatives.
- Yanagawa, T; Noguchi, T; Miyachi, H; Kobayashi, H; Hashimoto, Y Tubulin polymerization inhibitors with a fluorinated phthalimide skeleton derived from thalidomide. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 16: 4748-51 (2006)
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- Muller, GW; Corral, LG; Shire, MG; Wang, H; Moreira, A; Kaplan, G; Stirling, DI Structural modifications of thalidomide produce analogs with enhanced tumor necrosis factor inhibitory activity. J Med Chem 39: 3238-40 (1996)
- Heim, C; Pliatsika, D; Mousavizadeh, F; Bär, K; Hernandez Alvarez, B; Giannis, A; Hartmann, MD De-Novo Design of Cereblon (CRBN) Effectors Guided by Natural Hydrolysis Products of Thalidomide Derivatives. J Med Chem 62: 6615-6629 (2019)
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- Motoshima, K; Sugita, K; Hashimoto, Y; Ishikawa, M Non-competitive and selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors with phenethylphenylphthalimide skeleton derived from thalidomide-relateda-glucosidase inhibitors and liver X receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 21: 3041-5 (2011)
- Motoshima, K; Ishikawa, M; Hashimoto, Y; Sugita, K Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists with phenethylphenylphthalimide skeleton derived from thalidomide-related liver X receptor antagonists: relationship between absolute configuration and subtype selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem 19: 3156-72 (2011)
- Thalidomide analog bead assay To measure compound binding to endogenous CRBN.
- ChEMBL_2025839 (CHEMBL4679652) Competitive binding affinity to human CRBN-thalidomide binding domain expressed in Escherichia coli by FRET assay
- ChEMBL_2025843 (CHEMBL4679656) Binding affinity to human CRBN-thalidomide binding domain expressed in Escherichia coli by measuring baseline corrected normalized fluorescence by MST based assay
- ChEMBL_1900220 (CHEMBL4402335) Displacement of (-)-thalidomide-alexa fluor/pomalidomide-fluorescein conjugated probe from DDBI fused CRBN (unknown origin) measured after 60 mins by fluorescence polarization assay
- ChEMBL_2025842 (CHEMBL4679655) Binding affinity to human CRBN-thalidomide binding domain expressed in Escherichia coli by measuring baseline corrected normalized fluorescence in presence of 0.5% DMSO by MST based assay
- CRBN-DDB1 ligand-displacement AlphaScreen Assay A thalidomide competition AlphaScreen assay was employed to measure the binding affinity (IC50) of thalidomide conjugates and novel IMiDs to CRBN-DDB1. In 384-well AlphaPlates (Perkin Elmer), 50 nM CRBN-DDB1 and 125 nM biotin-thalidomide were diluted in 20 uL assay buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 200 mM NaCl, 1 mM TCEP, and 0.1% BSA) containing competitor compound or DMSO. Following a 30 min incubation, 20 uL detection solution containing Streptavidin Donor Beads and Nickel Chelate AlphaLISA Acceptor Beads diluted to 20 ng/uL in assay buffer was added to each well. After 1 hr incubation at RT, luminescence was measured on the Envision 2104 plate reader. Percent activity values were calculated by setting the average background (no protein wells) to 0% the average DMSO wells to 100% activity. Standard deviations were determined from at least four replicate measurements for compound concentration. Data were analyzed and plotted using GraphPad PRISM v6 and CRBN Alpha IC50 values were determined using the log(inhibitor) vs normalized response−variable slope analysis module.
- Fluorescence thermal melt assay Thermal stabilities of CRBN-DDB1 in the presence or absence of phthalimide, thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide were done in the presence of Sypro Orange in a microplate format according to Pantoliano et al. Two ug of protein in 20 ul of assay buffer (25mM Tris HCl, pH 8.0, 150mM NaCl, 2 uM Sypro Orange) were subjected to stepwise increase of temperature from 20 to 70 °C and the fluorescence was read at every 1 °C on an ABIPrism 7900HT (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Compounds were dissolved in DMSO (1% final in assay) and tested in quadruplicate at a concentration range between 30 nM to 1000 uM; controls contained 1% DMSO only.
- Fluorescence Polarization (FP) Assay Untagged CRBN-DDB1 complex (final 50 nM) was mixed with Cy5-labeled thalidomide (final 20 nM) and various concentrations of compounds (a serial 3-fold dilution with the top concentration of 200 uM). The final solution contained 50 mM HEPES, 200 mM NaCl and 2 mM DTT, pH 7.5. The mixtures were incubated at room temperature for 10 min. The FP signals were recorded on an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer) using the following settings: Excitation Light (%): 100; Measurement Height: 12; G-Factor: 1; Detector Gain 1: 500; Detector Gain 2: 500; Flash Number: 100. Dose-dependent loss of FP signals was fitted by four-parameter Logistic Function using GraphPad Prism 7.0 and the IC50 values were reported for each compound.
- Cereblon Binding Assay The binding to cereblon (CRBN) was determined using the Cereblon Binding Kit (Cisbio, #64BDCRBNPEG) following the manufacturer's instruction. Briefly, serially diluted compounds were incubated with GST-tagged wild-type human CRBN protein, XL665-labelled Thalidomide and Europium Cryptate labelled GST antibody at room temperature for about 3 hours. Time Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) measurements were acquired on a CALRIOstar plate reader with MARS data analysis software (BMG Labtech), with the following settings: 665/10 nm and 620/10 nm emission, 60 μs delay and 400 μs integration. The TR-FRET ratio was taken as the 665/620 nm intensity ratio. The readings were normalized to the control (0.50%) and the IC50 was calculated by nonlinear regression (four parameters sigmoid fitted with variable slope) analysis using the GraphPad Prism 8 software.
- Cereblon Binding Assay The binding to cereblon (CRBN) was determined using the Cereblon Binding Kit (Cisbio, #64BDCRBNPEG) following the manufacturer's instruction. Briefly, serially diluted compounds were incubated with GST-tagged wild-type human CRBN protein, XL665-labelled Thalidomide and Europium Cryptate labelled GST antibody at room temperature for about 3 hours. Time Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) measurements were acquired on a CALRIOstar plate reader with MARS data analysis software (BMG Labtech), with the following settings: 665/10 nm and 620/10 nm emission, 60 s delay and 400 s integration. The TR-FRET ratio was taken as the 665/620 nm intensity ratio. The readings were normalized to the control (0.5%) and the IC50 was calculated by nonlinear regression (four parameters sigmoid fitted with variable slope) analysis using the GraphPad Prism 8 software.
- Fluorescence Polarization (FP) Assay Table 3: Untagged CRBN-DDB1 complex (final 50 nM) was mixed with Cy5-labeled thalidomide (final 20 nM) and various concentrations of compounds (a serial 3-fold dilution with the top concentration of 200 uM). The final solution contained 50 mM HEPES, 200 mM NaCl and 2 mM DTT, pH 7.5. The mixtures were incubated at room temperature for 10 min. The FP signals were recorded on an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer) using the following settings: Excitation Light (%): 100; Measurement Height: 12; G-Factor: 1; Detector Gain 1: 500; Detector Gain 2: 500; Flash Number: 100. Dose-dependent loss of FP signals was fitted by four-parameter Logistic Function using GraphPad Prism 7.0 and the IC50 values were reported for each compound.
- In Vitro Assay: IC50 Measurements for Binding to CRBN/DDB1 The binding potency was determined using HTRF assay technology (Perkin Elmer). Compounds were serially diluted in DMSO and 0.2 μL volume was transferred to white 384-well plate. The reaction was conducted in total volume of 20 μL with addition of 2 nM His tagged CRBN+DDB-DLS7+CXU4 (Wuxi, catalogue #RP210521GA) to compounds followed by addition of 60 nM Fluorescent probe Cy5-labeled Thalidomide (Tenova Pharma, catalogue #T52461), and 0.4 nM of MAb Anti-6HIS Tb cryptate Gold (Cisbio, catalogue #61HI2TLA in the assay buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 1 mM TCEP, 0.01% Brij-35, 50 mM NaCl, and 0.1% BSA). After one hour incubation at room temperature, the HTRF signals were read on Envision reader (Perkin Elemer). Data were analyzed using XLfit using four parameters dose response curve to determine IC50s.
- Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) Assay Equal volumes of His-tagged CRBN-DDB1 complex (56 nM) was mixed with Eu-cryptate labeled Anti-6HIS-monoclonal antibody (50× dilution from the commercial stock solution, Vender: Cisbio, Cat. #61HI2KLA) in a final buffer containing 20 mM HEPES pH 7.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.005% Tween-20. The solution was then mixed with Cy5-labeled thalidomide (final 8 nM) and various concentrations of compounds (a serial 3-fold dilution with the top concentration 200 μM). The mixture were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. FRET signals were measured on an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer) by exciting at 340 nm and recording emission at both 615 nm as no FRET control and 665 nm as the FRET signals with a 60 microsecond delay. FRET efficiency was calculated as the ratio of fluorescent signals at 665 nM/615 nM. Quantitative loss of FRET efficiency as a function of compound concentrations was fitted by a four-parameter Logistic Function using GraphPad Prism 7.0 and the IC50 values were reported for each compound.
- Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) Assay Equal volumes of His-tagged CRBN-DDB1 complex (56 nM) was mixed with Eu-cryptate labeled Anti-6HIS-monoclonal antibody (50× dilution from the commercial stock solution, Vender: Cisbio, Cat. #61HI2KLA) in a final buffer containing 20 mM HEPES pH 7.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.005% Tween-20. The solution was then mixed with Cy5-labeled thalidomide (final 8 nM) and various concentrations of compounds (a serial 3-fold dilution with the top concentration 200 uM). The mixture were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. FRET signals were measured on an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer) by exciting at 340 nm and recording emission at both 615 nm as no FRET control and 665 nm as the FRET signals with a 60 microsecond delay. FRET efficiency was calculated as the ratio of fluorescent signals at 665 nM/615 nM. Quantitative loss of FRET efficiency as a function of compound concentrations was fitted by a four-parameter Logistic Function using GraphPad Prism 7.0 and the IC50 values were reported for each compound.
- Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (TR-FRET) Assay Table 2: Equal volumes of His-tagged CRBN-DDB1 complex (56 nM) was mixed with Eu-cryptate labeled Anti-6HIS-monoclonal antibody (50× dilution from the commercial stock solution, Vender: Cisbio, Cat. #61HI2KLA) in a final buffer containing 20 mM HEPES pH 7.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.005% Tween-20. The solution was then mixed with Cy5-labeled thalidomide (final 8 nM) and various concentrations of compounds (a serial 3-fold dilution with the top concentration 200 uM). The mixture were incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. FRET signals were measured on an EnVision plate reader (Perkin Elmer) by exciting at 340 nm and recording emission at both 615 nm as no FRET control and 665 nm as the FRET signals with a 60 microsecond delay. FRET efficiency was calculated as the ratio of fluorescent signals at 665 nM/615 nM. Quantitative loss of FRET efficiency as a function of compound concentrations was fitted by a four-parameter Logistic Function using GraphPad Prism 7.0 and the IC50 values were reported for each compound.
- Fluorescence Polarization (FP) Assay Measuring compound ligand binding to CRBN-DDB1 was carried out using an established sensitive and quantitative in vitro fluorescence polarization (FP) based binding assay. (See, I. J. Enyedy et al, J. Med. Chem., 44: 313-4324 [2001]). Compounds were dispensed from serially diluted DMSO stock into black 384-well compatible fluorescence polarization plates using an Echo acoustic dispenser. Compound binding to CRBN-DDB1 was measured by displacement of either a (−)-Thalidomide-Alexa Fluor or Pomalidomide-fluorescein conjugated probe dye. A 20 μL mixture containing 400 nM CRBN-DDB1 and 5 nM probe dye in 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 200 mM NaCl, 1% DMSO and 0.1% pluronic acid-127 acid was added to wells containing compound and incubated at room temperature for 60 min. Matching control wells excluding CRBN-DDB1 were used to correct for background fluorescence. Plates were read on an Envision plate reader with appropriate FP filter sets. The corrected S (perpendicular) and P (parallel) values were used to calculate fluorescence polarization (FP) with the following equation: FP=1000x(S−GxP)/(S+GxP).
- Fluorescence Polarization (FP) Assay Measuring compound ligand binding to CRBN-DDB1 was carried out using an established sensitive and quantitative in vitro fluorescence polarization (FP) based binding assay. (See, I. J. Enyedy et al, J. Med. Chem., 44: 313-4324, 2001). Compounds were dispensed from serially diluted DMSO stock into black 384-well compatible fluorescence polarization plates using an Echo acoustic dispenser. Compound binding to CRBN-DDB1 was measured by displacement of either a (−)-Thalidomide-Alexa Fluor or Pomalidomide-fluorescein conjugated probe dye. A 20 μL mixture containing 400 nM CRBN-DDB1 and 5 nM probe dye in 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 200 mM NaCl, 1% DMSO and 0.05% pluronic acid-127 acid was added to wells containing compound and incubated at room temperature for 60 min. Matching control wells excluding CRBN-DDB1 were used to correct for background fluorescence. Plates were read on an Envision plate reader with appropriate FP filter sets. The corrected S (perpendicular) and P (parallel) values were used to calculate fluorescence polarization (FP) with the following equation:FP=1000*(S−G*P)/(S+G*P).
- Fluorescence Polarization (FP) Assay Measuring compound ligand binding to CRBN-DDB1 was carried out using an established sensitive and quantitative in vitro fluorescence polarization (FP) based binding assay. (See, I. J. Enyedy et al, J. Med. Chem., 44: 313-4324 [2001]). Compounds were dispensed from serially diluted DMSO stock into black 384-well compatible fluorescence polarization plates using an Echo acoustic dispenser. Compound binding to CRBN-DDB1 was measured by displacement of either a (−)-Thalidomide-Alexa Fluor or Pomalidomide-fluorescein conjugated probe dye. A 20 μL mixture containing 400 nM CRBN-DDB 1 and 5 nM probe dye in 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 200 mM NaCl, 1% DMSO and 0.1% pluronic acid-127 acid was added to wells containing compound and incubated at room temperature for 60 min. Matching control wells excluding CRBN-DDB1 were used to correct for background fluorescence. Plates were read on an Envision plate reader with appropriate FP filter sets. The corrected S (perpendicular) and P (parallel) values were used to calculate fluorescence polarization (FP) with the following equation: FP=1000*(S−G*P)/(S+G*P). The fractional amount of bound probe (FB) to CRBN-DDB1 as a function of compound concentration was fitted according to Wang; FEBS Letters 360, (1995), 111-114 to obtain fits for parameter offsets and binding constant (KA) of competitor compound.
- Fluorescence Polarization (FP) Assay for Screening Compound Ligand Binders of CRBN-DDM Measuring compound ligand binding to CRBN-DDB1 was carried out using an established sensitive and quantitative in vitro fluorescence polarization (FP) based binding assay. (See, I. J. Enyedy et al, J. Med. Chem., 44: 3134324, 2001). Compounds were dispensed from serially diluted DMSO stock into black 384-well compatible fluorescence polarization plates using an Echo acoustic dispenser. Compound binding to CRBN-DDB1 was measured by displacement of either a (−)-Thalidomide-Alexa Fluor or Pornalidomide-fluorescein conjugated probe dye. A 20 μL mixture containing 400 nM CRBN-DDB1 and 5 nM probe dye in 50 mM Hepes, pH 7.4, 200 mM NaCl, 1% DMSO and 0.05% pluronic acid-127 acid was added to wells containing compound and incubated at room temperature for 60 min. Matching control wells excluding CRBN-DDB1 were used to correct for background fluorescence. Plates were read on an Envision plate reader with appropriate FP filter sets. The corrected S (perpendicular) and P (parallel) values were used to calculate fluorescence polarization (FP) with the following equation: FP=1000*(S−G*P)/(S+G*P).The fractional amount of bound probe (FB) to CRBN-DDB1 as a function of compound concentration was fitted according to Wang; FEBS Letters 360, (1995), 111-114 to obtain fits for parameter offsets and binding constant (KA) of competitor compound.
- SPR Assay Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) assays have been developed to test the affinity (KD) of VHL or CRBN-based compounds to respective recombinant ligase complex/domain.The assays are based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which enables to measure the changes of the local refractive index due to changes of molecular mass on a gold chip surface in the case of a binding event and in a flowing system. To detect binding between both partners, the respective E3 ligase is immobilized to the chip surface, while the test compounds are flown over the chip surface at a steady velocity. The detected changes in the RU response are indicative of the binding event and are concentration dependent.For the SPR experiments, either a commercially available VHL complex (Merck, 23-044; composed of 5 units: VHL, Elongin B, Elongin C, Cul2, and Rbx1) exhibiting a his-tag at the Cul2 subunit or an internally produced biotin-tagged mouse CRBN thalidomide binding domain (mCRBN-TBD) was used. These tags provide the anchor for the capturing process to either an NTA or Streptavidin coated chip surface (immobilization level of 3,000-5,000 RU). Because of the rather complex structure of the VHL complex, it was additionally coupled to the chip surface by amino coupling to prevent any protein loss by disruption of the complex in the flowing system.To detect binding of compounds and extract dissociation constants KD for the tested compounds to the immobilized E3 ligase, concentration response curves of the compounds were recorded. Compounds were usually tested in 10-pt dilutions up to 20 μM final concentration in assay buffer and were flown over the chip at 30 μL/min. The contact time for each cycle includes 90 s for association and 200 s for dissociation of compounds. Every test cycle was read out as a sensorgram that was referenced to the sensor surface that does not present the target protein.